| Author: | Florian Ion Petrescu | ISBN: | 9781476008707 |
| Publisher: | Florian Ion Petrescu | Publication: | July 11, 2012 |
| Imprint: | Smashwords Edition | Language: | English |
| Author: | Florian Ion Petrescu |
| ISBN: | 9781476008707 |
| Publisher: | Florian Ion Petrescu |
| Publication: | July 11, 2012 |
| Imprint: | Smashwords Edition |
| Language: | English |
The main particularity of synthesis reaction (fusion) is the high prevalence of the used fuel (primary), deuterium. It can be obtained relatively simply from ordinary water.
Deuterium was extracted from water for the first time by Harold Urey in 1931. Even at that time, small linear electrostatic accelerators, have indicated that D-D reaction (fusion of two deuterium nuclei) is exothermic.
Today we know that not only the first isotope of hydrogen (deuterium) produces fusion energy, but and the second (heavy) isotope of hydrogen (tritium) can produce energy by nuclear fusion.
The first reaction is possible between two nuclei of deuterium, from which can be obtained, either a tritium nucleus plus a proton and energy, or an isotope of helium with a neutron and energy.
Observations: a deuterium nucleus has a proton and a neutron; a tritium nucleus has a proton and two neutrons.
Fusion can occur between a nucleus of deuterium and one of tritium.
Another fusion reaction can be produced between a nucleus of deuterium and an isotope of helium.
For these reactions to occur, should that the deuterium nuclei have enough kinetic energy to overcome the electrostatic forces of rejection due to the positive tasks of protons in the nuclei.
For deuterium, for average kinetic energy are required tens of keV.
Deuterium fuel is delivered in heavy water, D2O.
Tritium is obtained in the laboratory by the following reaction.
Lithium, the third element in Mendeleev's table, is found in nature in sufficient quantities.
The accelerated neutrons which produce the last presented reaction with lithium, appear from the second and the third presented reaction.
Raw materials for fusion are deuterium and lithium.
All fusion reactions shown produce finally energy and He. He is a (gas) inert element. Because of this, fusion reaction is clean, and far superior to nuclear fission.
Hot fusion works with very high temperatures.
In cold fusion, it must accelerate the deuterium nucleus, in linear or circular accelerators. Final energy of accelerated deuterium nuclei should be well calibrated for a positive final yield of fusion reactions (more mergers, than fission).
Electromagnetic fields which maintain the plasma (cold and especially the warm), should be and constrictors (especially at cold fusion), for to press, and more close together the nuclei.
At a keV is necessary a temperature of 10 million 0C.
At 360 keV is necessary a temperature of 3600 million 0C.
In hot fusion it need a temperature of 3600 million degrees.
Without a minimum of 3000 million degrees we can't make the hot fusion reaction, to obtain the nuclear power.
Today we have just 150 million degrees made.
To replace the lack of necessary temperature, it uses various tricks.
In cold fusion one must accelerate the deuterium nuclei at an energy of 360 [keV], and then collide them with the cold fusion fuel (heavy water and lithium).
Because obtaining the necessary huge temperature for hot fusion is still difficult, it is time to focus us on cold nuclear fusion.
We need to bomb the fuel with accelerated deuterium nuclei.
The fuel will be made from heavy water and lithium.
The optimal proportion of lithium will be tested.
It would be preferable to keep fuel in the plasma state.
Between deuterium and tritium the smallest radius is the radius of deuterium nucleus.
We calculate the minimum distance between two particles which meet together.
This is just the diameter of a deuterium nucleus, d12D.
The deuterium nuclei which will bomb the nuclear fuel, will be accelerated with the (least) energy which reject the two neighboring deuterium nuclei (see the below relationship).
The main particularity of synthesis reaction (fusion) is the high prevalence of the used fuel (primary), deuterium. It can be obtained relatively simply from ordinary water.
Deuterium was extracted from water for the first time by Harold Urey in 1931. Even at that time, small linear electrostatic accelerators, have indicated that D-D reaction (fusion of two deuterium nuclei) is exothermic.
Today we know that not only the first isotope of hydrogen (deuterium) produces fusion energy, but and the second (heavy) isotope of hydrogen (tritium) can produce energy by nuclear fusion.
The first reaction is possible between two nuclei of deuterium, from which can be obtained, either a tritium nucleus plus a proton and energy, or an isotope of helium with a neutron and energy.
Observations: a deuterium nucleus has a proton and a neutron; a tritium nucleus has a proton and two neutrons.
Fusion can occur between a nucleus of deuterium and one of tritium.
Another fusion reaction can be produced between a nucleus of deuterium and an isotope of helium.
For these reactions to occur, should that the deuterium nuclei have enough kinetic energy to overcome the electrostatic forces of rejection due to the positive tasks of protons in the nuclei.
For deuterium, for average kinetic energy are required tens of keV.
Deuterium fuel is delivered in heavy water, D2O.
Tritium is obtained in the laboratory by the following reaction.
Lithium, the third element in Mendeleev's table, is found in nature in sufficient quantities.
The accelerated neutrons which produce the last presented reaction with lithium, appear from the second and the third presented reaction.
Raw materials for fusion are deuterium and lithium.
All fusion reactions shown produce finally energy and He. He is a (gas) inert element. Because of this, fusion reaction is clean, and far superior to nuclear fission.
Hot fusion works with very high temperatures.
In cold fusion, it must accelerate the deuterium nucleus, in linear or circular accelerators. Final energy of accelerated deuterium nuclei should be well calibrated for a positive final yield of fusion reactions (more mergers, than fission).
Electromagnetic fields which maintain the plasma (cold and especially the warm), should be and constrictors (especially at cold fusion), for to press, and more close together the nuclei.
At a keV is necessary a temperature of 10 million 0C.
At 360 keV is necessary a temperature of 3600 million 0C.
In hot fusion it need a temperature of 3600 million degrees.
Without a minimum of 3000 million degrees we can't make the hot fusion reaction, to obtain the nuclear power.
Today we have just 150 million degrees made.
To replace the lack of necessary temperature, it uses various tricks.
In cold fusion one must accelerate the deuterium nuclei at an energy of 360 [keV], and then collide them with the cold fusion fuel (heavy water and lithium).
Because obtaining the necessary huge temperature for hot fusion is still difficult, it is time to focus us on cold nuclear fusion.
We need to bomb the fuel with accelerated deuterium nuclei.
The fuel will be made from heavy water and lithium.
The optimal proportion of lithium will be tested.
It would be preferable to keep fuel in the plasma state.
Between deuterium and tritium the smallest radius is the radius of deuterium nucleus.
We calculate the minimum distance between two particles which meet together.
This is just the diameter of a deuterium nucleus, d12D.
The deuterium nuclei which will bomb the nuclear fuel, will be accelerated with the (least) energy which reject the two neighboring deuterium nuclei (see the below relationship).
